Thursday, December 26, 2019

Gender Wage Gap By Susan B. Anthony - 875 Words

â€Å"I do not demand equal pay for any women save those who do equal work in value. Scorn to be coddled by your employers; make them understand that you are in their service as workers, not as women.† (Susan B. Anthony) Susan B. Anthony said this over a hundred years ago, when the woman’s suffrage movement was just beginning in the United States. Even after all this time, the gender wage gap is a still hot topic in the United States today. Popular stars and politicians including Kate Winslet, Jennifer Lawrence, and Hillary Clinton all have something to say about it. There is even a section of thewhitehouse.gov dedicated to discussing the gender wage gap which is the comparison of women s wages to men’s wages in the United States (â€Å"Equal Pay†). It is pretty common knowledge in the United States that women make 78 cents to a man’s dollar. However, it is not common knowledge that this is only comparing white women to white men (â€Å"The Simple Truth†). Women of color make even less than that, Latinas making the least, only 54 cents to a white man’s dollar. The Latina wage gap is largely ignored by the media because of the complicated politics of racial and gender based discrimination. The politics have a foundation in general gender based discrimination, which every woman faces, even if she is not fully aware of it. On average, women of every race make less than their male counterparts due to gender based discrimination. Much of this is due to the sexist undertones withinShow MoreRelatedWomen s Suffrage By Elizabeth Cady Stanton1582 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered equal with the same opportunities as men. In the 1840’s the first women suffrage convention entitled Seneca Falls Convention took place some women thought that their view were too extreme. .Many women such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony and, Frances Willard created Women Suffrage groups. These women had different ideas of how they should go about becoming equal but all wanted the same outcome. â€Å"Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the women rights movement†( Goodier p.145). Mrs. StantonRead MoreDuring the 19th century, America was going through an important transition. The nation was dealing1300 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States citizens. Gender inequity was also a vital reform issue. Women were fighting for suffrage and equal civil rights. Politically, the U.S. was suffering from a corrupted government and a weakened presidency. Economically, the U.S. was experiencing an economic boom with the growth of industrialization. However, this growth of wealth only benefited a lucky few. While rich businessmen were rapidly increasing their wealth, the poor were getting poorer. The wealth gap was drastically increasingRead MoreGender Should Not Be A Problem1737 Words   |  7 PagesGender Should Not be a Problem. It’s not a new problem. Women have been discriminated against for decades. This has and always will lead to a rift in the equality of women. It’s an unfair battle for equality, sure women have an amendmendment stating that all women have the right to vote , but it’s still not enough. That amendmendment only fixes half the problem. There’s still the problem of gender roles, the wage gap, and countless other problems stopping women from have the equality women haveRead MoreGender Should Not Be A Problem1737 Words   |  7 PagesGender Should Not be a Problem. It’s not a new problem. Women have been discriminated against for decades. This has and always will lead to a rift in the equality of women. It’s an unfair battle for equality, sure women have an amendmendment stating that all women have the right to vote , but it’s still not enough. That amendmendment only fixes half the problem. There’s still the problem of gender roles, the wage gap, and countless other problems stopping women from have the equality women haveRead MoreSusan B. Anthony And The Equal Pay Act1014 Words   |  5 PagesAll over the country, women are getting paid less than men and being told that it’s okay. It is not okay. Gender equality is something that has been a problem through the ages. Susan B. Anthony and many others fought for the right to vote which was granted in 1920. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law stating that no employer can discriminate based on gender. The American Association of University Women published a graph on Women’s Median Annual Earnings as a PercentageRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1269 Words   |  6 Pages The United States of America has consciously manipulated which gender is able to have full access to resources. On the rights spectrum, women have severely suffered because dating back before The Women’s Rights Movement, women were left with the burden of the responsibility of raising children and domestic duties. The idea of equality is critically rooted by rights, support, and opportunities therefore allowing any person to gain access to resources, however for some odd reason women were leftRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace1323 Words   |  6 Pagespraised for freedom and equality. However, there is a notable area of inequality in the workforce: the gender pay gap. In the Unites States, a woman makes, on average, a mere 78 cents to the dollar earned by a man. This statistic has remained steady and has only seen a small 18 cent increase in the past few decades. A majority of the wage gap is due to unsound social biases. Because gender inequality in the wor kforce is fueled by complex factors such as biases, it requires a complex solutionRead MorePolicy Project : Women s Rights1603 Words   |  7 PagesPraxis M. Bays Sean Morrison U.S. Government, Class B 8 January 2016 Policy Project Part 1: Women’s Rights Policy Analysis History The first public demand for the Constitutional Amendment of women’s rights began before the Civil War, however, the Amendment for it has still not been ratified in the United States Constitution. The introduction for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) began in 1848 with the Woman’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls. Over three hundred women and men met and eventually agreedRead MoreFeminism Is Defined As The Belief That Men And Women Should Have Equal Rights1600 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage and framework of the Declaration of Independence; this document was a bill of rights for women, carefully identifying the areas of life where women were treated unjustly. Persistent feminist leaders in the 19th century, such as Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, fought society’s discrimination against women, leading to the Nineteenth Amendment: the women’s right to vote. From the 1960s to the 1980s, the second wave of feminism broadened the debate of women’s rights is sues, which included sexuality,Read MoreThe Gap Between Women And Men970 Words   |  4 PagesThe Gap Between Women and Men As a woman in the modern era it is hard to imagine the life of a women fifty years ago. The routine they followed then completely differs from that of today’s. A woman’s main purpose was to serve a man; unfortunately, sometimes this still holds to be true. Furthermore, women face numerous hurdles everyday compared to men in the workplace as well as in society. To this day it is still true that women must do more than men in order to succeed in todays society. From

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Race Reflection Paper - 725 Words

The color line was used in reference of segregation that existed after slavery ended. Many would say that Du Bois’ view on race still exists in today’s generation. I personally believe that race plays a major role in our daily lives. Over the past few years we have seen so many different actions that have taken place regarding race. In 1866, it was stated that the Jim Crow laws were declared unconstitutional, but in 2017 African Americans feel as if they still face the Jim Crow laws in different situations. Blacks continue to be treated differently, especially within the criminal justice system. Social inequality due to race is very real and it has a big affect on African Americans. The way that Blacks in society perceive each other,†¦show more content†¦It was said to me all throughout my college career how important it is to be a Black. As a Criminal Justice major with a minor in Sociology at Clark Atlanta University, the work and determination of W.E. B Dubois was installed in me and pushed me to strive and understand my culture more than ever before. W.E.B Dubois contributions to sociological theory such as civil rights, education and economic opportunities for people of color are strongly talked about at Clark Atlanta University. History is clearly repeating itself dealing with the way African Americans are perceived and treated. Even though there are several African Americans who know their worth, it can sometimes be hard to face challenges, such as inequality issues due to race in 2017. After hearing so many stories about our ancestors who fought for equality rights, who would ever thought that minorities would be still fighting in today’s generation all over again. In the 2016-2017 Presidential Election candidate now newly elected President Donald Trump states, â€Å"In the old days, protesters would be carried out on stretchers.† Hearing a person say something such as this, especially candidate who was running for president of the United States is very shocking and distasteful. In my opinion, I believe that the remarks Donald Trump, has really shown that the state of the American people has really changed in the last century and that we are still dealing with the same problems of racismShow MoreRelatedwhite privilege1595 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ White Privilege: Reflection Paper Northeastern State University Abstract This paper is about my reflection of White Privilege in the United States. I got my information from four resources. The first resource was the handout provided for this assignment; White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, by Peggy McIntosh. The second resource was the website, www.jstor.com. Access is provided via Northeastern State University as a resource for peer-reviewed articles. ThirdlyRead MoreGeorge Zimmerman - Reflection Paper819 Words   |  4 PagesReflection Paper Week 7 SOC2050: Race and Ethnicity Centenary College, Parsippany, NJ Maybe it’s my own opinion or because I’m always trying to be very careful about the way I refer to people but I was very taken aback by the way Professor Hutchinson categorized people as whites or blacks on his paper; referring to issues as being â€Å"white† problems was very odd to me. The way he also accused all whites as not caring for race and demeaning the â€Å"race card† was generalizing and assuming thatRead MoreEthics And Standards For Professional Psychology1264 Words   |  6 PagesLenz May 4, 2015 This paper addresses the complexity of spirituality and religion in a therapeutic setting. This paper includes examples and information regarding upholding the Ethics Code while using religion and spiritual reasoning in psychology. It addresses the issues of a multi-faith setting, information and research on omitting religion and spirituality as well as the importance of maintaining a bias view of any and all religious and spiritual values. This paper also identifies the benefitsRead MorePolice Officers That Encountered Juveniles While On Patrol908 Words   |  4 Pagesfactors play a major role in the reflection of juvenile’s taken into custody. The heaviest factor is the lack of respect towards law enforcement officer. These factors often lead officers to interpret juvenile behavior as criminal. Juveniles dress attire, hair and gender bias create a negative perception. The study addressed adolescent males encountering police while on the street in the commission of a crime. 2. Allen’s study doesn’t just focus on the defendant’s race or the offender’s status in societyRead MoreSyllabus1681 Words   |  7 Pages12:50 Office Hour: 8:00-9:00am Farrell Hall 111 E-mail: manjarra@cwu.edu Course Materials: Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 7th Edition by Richard T. Schaefer Course Description: Ethnic Studies is designed to bring awareness and understanding of the problems facing the American people in the area of race and ethnic relations, primarily focusing on ethnic minorities. Ethnic Studies will focus on the nature and scope of relationships betweenRead MoreLight in August by William Faulkner1034 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican Americans and eventually escalated to physical harm to demonstrate who held the power. Violence is a distinctive motif found reoccurring in themes of race. There is a double standard in which African Americans who are provoked by oppression are dangerous while whites who administer the violence are justified as being a protector. In my paper, I will first introduce examples of violence that were results of racial tensions in William Faulkner’s Light in August. I will discuss that the reasoningRead MoreCulture Diversity And Diversity1639 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to examine the definitions of culture, diversity and multiculturalism as well as provide some insight into the current standings around these topics as a nation and within an urban public school system. First, definitions of culture, diversity, and multicultural perspectives will be presented. Followed by personal reflections on some current issues in public schools organizations culture and its impact. Prior to the conclusion, current reflection on the standing of theRead MoreReflection Paper On Culture And Structure1309 Words   |  6 PagesReflection Paper Culture and structure do contribute to or reinforce racial inequality. Cultural traits which are among others the common outlooks, method of behavior, values, etiquette and beliefs that emanate from patterns of intragroup relations in situations brought about by discrimination and segregation. These traits are a reflection of collective experiences in those situations. Racism has in the past been one of the most rampant cultural frames in in the United States. It has also beenRead MoreThe Rebellion Of The Jamaica847 Words   |  4 Pagesthe late 1860s. The committee published a series of reports entitled the Jamaica Papers, which illustrate Eyre’s responsibility in the rebellion, while capturing the social, cultural, and economic conditions of the island during the event. An analysis of official reports, pamphlets, and journal articles revel that ideas of race remained at the heart of the issue in regards to Morant Bay because the perception of race covered up the economic d isparities that blacks faced in colonial society. FurthermoreRead MoreDifferent Types Of Cultures When The Class First Began864 Words   |  4 PagesReflection Paper This paper stands to explore my initial perspective on different types of cultures when the class first began. It will include a detailed explanation of a couple of activities that not only challenged but impacted my perspective on culture, as well as how that perspective changed as a result of those activities. I also plan to talk about how my new understandings of these cultures can impact my future as far as thinking and behavior. And I will provide explanations as to how my new

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

17Th Century Poetry Essay Example For Students

17Th Century Poetry Essay The seventeenth century was a time of difficult changes and uncertainties. During these chaotic years many poets and philosophers expressed their thoughts and emotions through literature. This paper will briefly describe the seventeenth century and will include quotes and philosophies of poets such as John Donne, John Milton and Richard Lovelace. Life in the seventeenth century can be described as violent. After Queen Elizabeths death, James I, her successor created disorder when he wanted everyone to be Anglican. This soon led to the beheading of his successor, King Charles I. Throughout this century England saw many different rulers and seven civil wars. During the last half of the century, London survived an outbreak of a bubonic plague and a fire that destroyed a large part of the city. The recovery of these disasters started the rebuilding of the seventeenth century. This era was also a time of literature. Many poets expressed their feelings of the century on paper. For example, the metaphysical poet, John Donne, expresses his emotions in Sonnet 10. Hey says in this poem Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings and desperate men, and dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell. He is saying that when a person dies they die exposed to the poison, war and sickness of this time. Metaphysical poetry is characterized usually by its style rather than its content, and many metaphysical poets use metaphors, allusions and puns. They are also known to use a lot of intellectual writing and surprise the reader by making them notice something they never thought about before. Another poet of this time was John Milton. As a Puritan poet, his poems were characterized by writing about the hard times of life, but always expressing that one can live his life for God. This reflects how Puritans survived the seventeenth century by turning to their religion during the difficult times of their life. He expresses this best in his poem On His Blindness on lines 9-11. He states God doth not need Either mans work or His own gifts; who best Bear His mild yoke, they serve Him best. What he means by this is that he believes that God doesnt need mans work, but He wants men to live for Him. The third type of poetry during this era was Cavalier poetry. Richard Lovelace uses this style of writing. The cavalier style is very carefree and full of grace and charm. Lovelace reflected the era with the best attitude he could. For example he always looked at the better side of things, like in his poem To Althea, From Prison. If I have freedom in my love and in my soul am free, Angels alone, that sore above, enjoy such liberty. He wrote this while in prison about his love, and even though he was locked up he knew his soul was free and no one could stop him from loving. All these poets expressed the era they were living in in different styles, views, and  attitudes. In conclusion, the seventeenth century impacted the poetry of John Donne, John Milton, and Richard Lovelace. The many changes and chaos also reflected the many styles of writings and ways these poets and many other people saw life.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

The Roles of an Internal Auditor in Corporate Governance

Internal auditors are very important for healthy operations of companies. This function increases in significance with the size of the corporation. However, the functions that internal auditors perform are significant enough for every company, no matter how small, to have an expression of internal audit.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Roles of an Internal Auditor in Corporate Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is debate on the best governance structure to use to derive the best value from an internal audit unit. Corporate governance structures include all stakeholders such as the shareholders, company staff and management, board of directors and regulators. There two options are having the internal auditors report to senior management or directly to the organizations board. Boards have the role of ensuring that internal controls work, which makes it very important for them to have the services of the internal audit team. â€Å"An effective internal audit function plays a key role in assisting the board to discharge its governance responsibilities† . The following are the key functions of an internal auditor. Risk Evaluation The first role that internal auditors play in corporate governance is risk evaluation. It involves the identification of processes that carry significant risks for the company. While many of these risks are financial in nature, the process cuts across all operations that have an influence on the financial standing of the company. For instance, internal auditors care about information systems because of the financial risks that a security lapse in information systems may cause. Tracking Fraud and Irregularities The second role that internal auditors play is that they help the organisation to track fraudulent activities and other financial irregularities. Fraud comes about when an individual or group of people try to get dishonest gain. Such indi viduals can be insiders or outsiders. Irregularities refer to financial processes that do not conform to proper policies. The internal audit office acts like the first line of defence against these schemes.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis of Efficacy of Corporate Governance Processes The next role that an internal auditor plays is that of policing the efficacy of the corporate governance processes. Corporate governance manifests most clearly in the financial management systems. As the auditor polices the entire financial system in the organization, he makes it possible for the organization to tell just how strong its corporate governance processes. Tracking the Value of Assets Another important role that the internal auditor plays for an organization is tracking the value of assets for the company. As the person who keeps the asset register, an internal auditor adju sts the value of the assets to reflect the impact of inflation, depreciation and appreciation of the value of assets. These changes come because of the changes in both the internal and external environment. This information is important because it affects the values on the balance sheet, which in turn affects the shareholder relations. The structure and value of assets forms an important part of the decisions executives take in as far as the goals of the organization. This impact makes an internal auditor a very significant player in the corporate governance process. Review of Corporate Performance in Operations and Financial Issues The internal auditor provides a global view of the corporate performance and its financial issues. This role is very critical when conducting analysis to determine whether the organization made profits or losses. These reviews reflect the effectiveness of the corporate governance processes such as business planning and implementation. The advantage an in ternal auditor has over an external auditor is the capacity to trace small changes in the company’s financial deals that may point towards future profits or losses. Recommendation of Policy Actions Another important role that an internal auditor plays is that he develops policy recommendations for the organization to enable it to improve its corporate governance processes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Roles of an Internal Auditor in Corporate Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the internal auditor spends a lot time investigating the lapses in the corporate governance process, he tends to become an internal consultant on the things that the company can improve. The execution of this function improves in organizational structures where internal auditors report to board. One of the new frontiers that internal auditors must deal with comes from the impact of businesses trading online. It is now possible to cause a lot of damage to a company’s reputation from any location in the world. There is an increasing rate of fraud from online sources. Cases of identity theft are also increasing including impersonation and hacking of servers. Internal auditors are gaining prominence as the first line of defence against these emerging issues in the online environment because of their unique place in detecting suspicious activity. Conclusion In conclusion, the role that an internal auditor plays in the corporate governance process depends on the organizational structure of the particular organization. An internal auditor has the responsibility of raising the red flags and providing the alternative courses for their parent companies. They act as sentinels for the company providing early warning and ensuring that the company’s decision making organs have the best information to make sound decisions in the corporate governance process. Reference List KPMG, 2003. Inte rnal Audit’s Role in Modern Corporate Governance. Hong Kong: KPMG KPMG. Schartmann, B., 2007. The Role of Internal Auditing in Corporate Governance in Europe: Current Status, Necessary Improvements, Future Tasks. Berlin: Verlag.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on The Roles of an Internal Auditor in Corporate Governance was written and submitted by user Emiliano Gould to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Cheaters essays

Cheaters essays The movie Cheaters was based on a true story about seven high school students and their professor Dr. Gerard Plecki who was involved in a cheating scandal after surprisingly winning the states Academic Decathlon. After the final victory the truth leaks out because one of the students was upset for not getting the credits he deserved. People who are left out often seek attention. In the movie Cheaters the character Irwin Flickas was one of the Academic Decathlon members until he was no longer one of the main contributors due to his inability to pay attention in class, even through he was the one who provided the team with the cheating. Later on Dr. Gerard Plecki advised Irwin to disguise himself as one of the judges for the speech contest. After the team won, Irwin was segregated from all the recognition and pride. Irwin felt betrayed by his team mates and was irritated for not receiving the acknowledgment and glory he worked so hard for. I can relate to the situation Irwin was in. Irwin feels unfair for what he had to go through. He spends the same amount of time and energy as every one else on the Decathlon team, now that the team had succeeded in winning due to Irwin contribution. Why should he be left out of the celebrations and recognitions? The explanation why Irwin is absent from all the commemorations was because Dr. Gerard Plecki didnt want Irwin to be exposed to the media for the reason that some students might recognize him from when he was disguised as one of the judges. By doing so Irwin felt more and more left out. What set him off is when the news media asked for a group shot of all the Decathlon members and Dr. Gerard Plecki didnt bother to mention Irwin. Irwin needed to tell some one before he exploded. When Irwin wrote his English essay he spilled everything out. Irwin wrote about how the Decathlon team got ahold of the test and how Dr. Gerard Plecki forced his students to chea ...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Free Essays on Sulla And Ceasar

Contrast of Plutarch’s Lives of Sulla and Caesar An interesting, but dramatic understanding of roman history can be reached by analyzing the differences in the Lives of Sulla and Caesar, specifically the effect and uses of money during their rise to power. Plutarch’s writings give insight on not only those great men, but on Plutarch himself. The use of money, either for bribery, compensation of soldiers, or public displays was instrumental in both men’s lives. Sulla’s greediness and love of vulgarity is characterized, as well as Caesar’s generosity towards supporters who were running for office. Sulla rejected his hereditary poverty and flaunted his wealth in lewd ways, while Caesar’s noble beginnings are shown by his more stylish way of handling financial matters. Analysis of any of Plutarch’s works must be qualified by the idea that he is not a historian, but had an in depth knowledge of ancient history that he presupposes his readers to have (Scardigli 67). His accounts have more to do with character and morals than with historical significance. Since he lived and wrote after these events had taken place, he had no particular agenda to fulfill. As said by Plutarch, â€Å"So very difficult a matter it is to trace and find out the truth of anything by history, when, on one hand, those who afterwards write it find long periods of time intercepting their view, and, on the other hand, the contemporary records of any actions and lives, partly through envy and illwill, partly through favour and flattery, pervert and distort the truth.† (Fuller II). This quote generally summarizes his attitude towards actual chronological history. He was more interested in the drama of each individual’s success or failure (Plutarch 8). With regard to this, connections can be found between Sulla’s failures and immorality with his use of his monetary gains. Plutarch illustrates his views on Sulla’s greediness with his immedia... Free Essays on Sulla And Ceasar Free Essays on Sulla And Ceasar Contrast of Plutarch’s Lives of Sulla and Caesar An interesting, but dramatic understanding of roman history can be reached by analyzing the differences in the Lives of Sulla and Caesar, specifically the effect and uses of money during their rise to power. Plutarch’s writings give insight on not only those great men, but on Plutarch himself. The use of money, either for bribery, compensation of soldiers, or public displays was instrumental in both men’s lives. Sulla’s greediness and love of vulgarity is characterized, as well as Caesar’s generosity towards supporters who were running for office. Sulla rejected his hereditary poverty and flaunted his wealth in lewd ways, while Caesar’s noble beginnings are shown by his more stylish way of handling financial matters. Analysis of any of Plutarch’s works must be qualified by the idea that he is not a historian, but had an in depth knowledge of ancient history that he presupposes his readers to have (Scardigli 67). His accounts have more to do with character and morals than with historical significance. Since he lived and wrote after these events had taken place, he had no particular agenda to fulfill. As said by Plutarch, â€Å"So very difficult a matter it is to trace and find out the truth of anything by history, when, on one hand, those who afterwards write it find long periods of time intercepting their view, and, on the other hand, the contemporary records of any actions and lives, partly through envy and illwill, partly through favour and flattery, pervert and distort the truth.† (Fuller II). This quote generally summarizes his attitude towards actual chronological history. He was more interested in the drama of each individual’s success or failure (Plutarch 8). With regard to this, connections can be found between Sulla’s failures and immorality with his use of his monetary gains. Plutarch illustrates his views on Sulla’s greediness with his immedia...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The Applications Biological Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Applications Biological Concepts - Essay Example As the research declares a woman may seeks the intervention of the court to give orders compelling a man pay for the upkeep of the children, the woman’s claims that a particular man is the father of her child may be refuted by that man. In such cases, the DNA of the child and that of the suspected father will be matched before the court compels the man to take full responsibilities of taking care of the child. From the report it is clear scientist uses the microbial populations to help in recycling of environmental wastes. If microbial life was not evolving, our environment would consist of heaps of wastes that are difficult to recycle using microbes, however, evolution of populations in the microorganisms like Fungi has made it possible to degrade environmental contaminants like lignin. Microbes have important application in the wastewater treatment practices. The microbial life helps in the removal of organic matters from the sewerage system. Such practice makes it safe to return the water to the streams and the rivers. The evolution of microbes is utilized in the treatment of sewerage. The diversity of microbial population in the environment plays a critical role in nutrient recycling. Scientist use microbes in the discovery of essential products through a process called biosynthesis. Examples of biosynthetic products are the vitamins C and vitamin B12, which are obtained from using the fermentation practices of specific bacteria.